Spoken English: Basic Grammar usage to speak English.
ü Grammar Reference
ü The sentence:
A group of
words which makes a complete sense is called sentence. Sentences are made of at
least one clause.
A clause must have one subject and predicate.
Subject: A subject may be a noun or pronoun with or without adjectives, work as an
agent of the work done. To find out subject in a sentence, put question using
the word, who? (For human being) or what?(Except human being) in active voice.
Predicate: This part of the sentence contains helping verb, main verb, objects,
complements and adverbials etc.
Kinds of sentences on the basis of number of clauses:
1. Simple sentences: It is made of one
clause.
2. Compound sentences: It is made of two
or more than two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.
3. Complex sentences: It is made of one
independent clause and many dependent clause joined by subordinating
conjunctions.
Structure of simple sentences:
|
Subject |
Verb/
verb group |
Object/
complement/ adverbials |
|
I |
Play |
Chess. |
|
He |
Is
dancing |
On floor. |
|
They |
Have |
Some
money. |
|
Ram |
Is |
Our
captain. |
|
The
beautiful girl |
Is |
My
friend. |
|
All team
members |
Played |
Very well
in the match. |
|
My friend
|
Went |
To market
to purchase some books. |
|
|
Types of simple sentences:
1. Assertive statement.
2. Negative statement.
3. Yes/No question.
4. Wh- question.
5. Imperatives.
6. Exclamatory sentences.
Note: assertive
and negative statements are used to make answer while yes/no question and
wh-question is used to ask question. Imperatives are used for command, order,
suggestion, permission, request etc. And exclamatory sentences are used to
explain some sudden feelings or emotion feelings.
ü Sentence structure with different grammatical pattern
in English language:
With Be Verb:
Am, is, are
in present, was, were in past, shall be, will be in future are used as Be verb.
Use: - To show existence of somebody or
something.
Formula:
1. (Assertive) Subject—be
verb—complement.
2. (Negative) Subject---be verb + not--- complement
3. (Yes / No Question) be
verb---subject---complement?
4. (Wh-Question) wh word---be
verb---complement?
Example:
I am a boy.
He is a doctor. They are players. I am in hospital. She is in market. They are
in the playground. I was in station. He was a writer. We were teachers. My
father was in office. He was our class monitor. We are their friends.
She is not
at bus stand. He was not in platform. We are not players. His daughter was not
in pond. They were not my enemy. We were not at the shopping mall. He will not
be in Kolkata.
Is this a
boy? Are you a girl? Is she in office now? Was it an inkpot? Were they
soldiers? Will she be doctor? Are they your friends? Is she kamla?
Who is
there? Where is your pen? How is the picture? When was your exam? Who was your
best friend? Which one is your choice? How was the match? Where was the temple
last year?
Exercise:write and speak 100 sentences, including all types of sentences in be
verb.
Practice: Word to
sentence game with class mates.
Have verb:
Has, have in
present, had in past, shall have, will have in future are used as have verb.
Use: -To show possession on thing or permanent relation with something or somebody.
Formula:
1. (Assertive) subject---have
verb---complement.
2. (Negative) subject---have verb---
not---complement.
3. (Yes/No question) have
verb---subject---complement?
4. (Wh question) Wh
word---subject---have verb?
Example:I have an umbrella. You have four brothers. She has one bicycle. We have
many mangoes. She had own house. They will have first class degree.
I have not
five pens. You have not any coat. He has not any fruit. We have not any
chocolates. She had not a book. They had not any vehicle. She will not have any
pen.
Have I any
money? Have you any book? Have they five thousand rupees? Has he one gold coin?
Had they flower in basket? Had she any doctor? Will they have a shop?
Who have a
car? What she has in her bag? Why they have so many dresses? Who had a bungle?
What Ram had in his pocket? Where he will have a piece of land? How many pens
she has? How much water you have in bucket?
Exercise:write and speak 100 sentences, including all types of sentences in have verb.
Practice: Word to sentence game with class mates.
Modals
Can, could,
may, should, would, have to, has to, used to, must, ought to are used as
modals. Some modals have multiple uses. Understand those carefully.
Use:
|
Modals |
To ask
question |
To show
ability |
To show
possibility |
|
Can |
Informal
in present & future |
In
present & future |
50% in
present & future |
|
Could |
Polite
request in present & future |
In past |
50% in
past |
|
May |
Permission
in present & future |
No use |
99% in
present & future |
|
Modals |
Should/
ought to |
Have to/
has to/had to |
Must |
|
Obligation
or Duty |
25% importance |
50%
importance |
99%
importance |
Would:
It is used
to express desire or wish of someone or own for somebody or something.
Used to:
It is used
to express a continue action of past which was experienced over a period of
time.
Formula:
Assertive:
Subject—Modal—V1—Object.
Negative:
Subject—Modal—not —V1—Object.
Yes / No
question: Modal—Subject—V1—Object?
WH question:
WH word-- Modal—Subject—V1—Object?
Examples:
I can swim
in the river. She can speak English. We could win the match yesterday. They
could dance on floor. She may pass in exam. You should go to school. She has to
play in evening. I must go to doctor. He would eat biscuits. Mira used to play
cricket in standard five.
I cannot
play football. You cannot speak French. They could not write Hindi. We could
not sweep the large floor. He may not get success this time. Sita would not
cook tonight.
Can you
drink alcohol? Can he play chess? Could you pass the salt, please? Could you
help me, please? Should you smoke cigarette? Would you dance with me? Would you
like to play in the stadium? Can you jump from the tree?
What can you
do for me? What would you like to eat? Where would you sleep this night? How
could you win the last match? Who would participate in competition? How should
he talk to elders? Why would they help the poor? When should you meet me?
Exercise:
Write and speak
100 sentences of each kind.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Present
simple
Use:
1. To express habitual action.
2. To express universal truth.
Formula:
Assertive:
Subject—V1(s/es)—Object.
Negative:
Subject—do/does –not--V1—Object.
Yes /No question:
Do/Does—subject—V1—Object?
WH question:
WH word-- Do/Does—subject—V1—Object?
Note:If
subject is in third person singular, add s/ es to V1 in assertive sentence and
does in negative and question. In other cases use Do. Except You and I, all
singular subjects come under third person singular.
Examples:
I speak
English fluently. He talks to her friend. They run in the field. We fight for
right. She looks beautiful. The tiger kills deer. You respect teachers.
Everyone like you. No one attend the meeting.
I do not
write Hindi. He does not play cricket. You do not take rest. She does not cook
in kitchen. They do not attend the party. We do not work hard in field.
Do I work at
night? Do they climb on tree? Do you go to market? Do we laugh in class? Does
she wake up early? Does he read loudly?
Who prays in
temple? Who goes to Delhi? Why does he ask for money? Where does she practice
math? How do you swim in pond water? When you celebrate this festival?
Exercise: Write and
Speak 100 sentences of each kind in present simple.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Imperatives
Use:
To express
ideas about command, order, suggestion, advice, request and permission etc.
Formula:
If subject
is “YOU”: V1—object.
If subject
is “Other”: subject, V1—object.
Negative: do
not –V1—object.
With Let:
Let—accusative pronoun—V1.
Note:Accusative
pronouns are me, him, her, us, and them etc.
Example:
Come here,
go there, play with care, write with your pen. Make the bill. Do your work.
Sell these in market. Spell the letter.
Don’t run
quickly, don’t through the ball, don’t speak English, don’t draw the picture,
and don’t fight with elders.
Let me go to
home. Let him play the match. Let her speak the matter. Let us go to market.
Let them work together.
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentences of each kind in imperative.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Past simple
Use: To express any complete action of
past.
Formula:
Assertive:
Subject—V2—Object.
Negative:
Subject—did + not—V1—object.
Yes / No
question: Did—subject—V1—object?
Wh question:
WH word—did—subject—V1—object?
Example:
I played
cricket yesterday. She helped the poor. We discussed about the matter. You came
now.
He did not
go. You did not like. We did not ask. She did not play.
Did you
read? Did he watch? Did they dance? Did Rakesh work?
Who helped
you? Why did he go to market? When did she get the job? How did they cross the
river? What did you get from market?
Exercise: Write and
Speak 100 sentences of each kind in past simple.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Future simple
Use:To express unplanned future action.
Formula:
Assertive: subject—shall/
will—V1—object.
Negative:
subject—shall/ will + not—V1—object.
Yes / No
question: shall/will—subject—V1—object?
WH question:
WH word—shall/will—subject—V1—object?
Example:I will dance. She will come soon. They shall join us. We shall talk to
you.
He will not
play. She will not cook. Hari will not write. You will not through.
Will you
come to me? Will they help you? Will she read the book? Shall I ask you?
Who speak
English? How you run? When you sleep? Where will you practice?
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentences of each kind in future simple.
Practice: Word to sentence game with class mates.
Present, past
and future continues
Use: To
express any action that is going on at the time of speaking in present, past
and future.
Formula:
Assertive: subject—be
verb—V1+ing—object.
Negative:
subject—be verb+ Not—V1+ing—object.
Yes/ No
question: Be verb—subject—V1+ Ing—object?
WH question:
WH word-- Be verb—subject—V1+ Ing—object?
Example: I am playing cricket now. He was
drinking water yesterday. They will be dancing this time tomorrow. You are
writing letter. We were plucking flower.
He is not
sleeping. She was not eating then. We shall not be working with you. You are
not going on tour. They were not singing song. Mr. Ram will not appear.
Are you
drinking wine? Is he reading magazine?
Was she eating mango? Were we bathing in river? Shall I be looking for
you? Will you be practicing cricket?
Who is
playing there? What are you doing? Where were you hunting yesterday? How was he
jumping from tree to tree? Who will be coming again? How will they be digging
the well?
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentences of each kind in continue action.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Present, past
and future perfect
Use:To
express any complete action.
Formula:
Assertive:
Subject—Have verb—V3—object.
Negative:
Subject—Have verb—not—V3 –object.
Yes / no
question: Have verb—subject—V3—object?
WH question:
WH word-- Have verb—subject—V3—object?
Example:
I have
spoken English. He has done this work. They have played. She had looked at me.
You have not
written to me. She had not followed. We have not bought. They had not gone.
Have you gone to Calcutta? Have you played cricket? Have they attended the
party? Has she passed the exam? Had you
collected the flower?
Who has
climbed on tree? What you have done? How have they tied the bull? Where have
you seen the tiger? When she has faced challenge? How he had broken the window?
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentences of each kind in perfect tense.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Present and
past perfect continues
Use: To
express an action that has starting point but no ending point.
Formula:
Assertive:
subject—have + been—V1+Ing—object.
Negative:
subject—have not + been—V1+Ing—object.
Yes/ no
question: Have – subject—been—V1+ing—object?
WH question:
WH word-- Have – subject—been—V1+ing—object?
Example:I have been playing since morning. He has been dancing for two hours. We
have been looking for you since last night. They had been digging well for ten
days.
You have not
been reading since seven o clock. He has not been playing today. They have not
been coming to us.
Have you
been reading since yesterday? Have they been writing for last hours? Has she
been collecting food? Have you been cooking?
Who have
been running for three hours? What have you been doing since last month? Where
have they been living since 2015?
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentence of each kind in perfect continues tense.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Passive voice
Use:It
is used when it is not necessary to mention the agent of the work. Or the agent
is well known to everyone. Passive voice is possible with transitive verb only.
When the importance goes to what is done rather than who has done it, passive
is used.
Formula for present simple, past simple and future
simple:
Assertive:
Object—be verb –V3—(by subject)
Negative:
Object—be verb not –V3—(by subject)
Yes / no
question: Be verb—object—V3--—(by subject)?
WH question:
WH word--Be verb—object—V3--—(by subject)?
Example: Mango is served in dinner. Thief was arrested last night. The children
were distributed chocolates. The winners are awarded prizes. Cricket will be
played there.
Apple is not
sold in market. Mutton was not cooked in canteen. They were not taken to jail.
Dushera is not celebrated in Pakistan. The poet will not be rewarded.
Is Deepawali
celebrated in India? Are the doctors transferred to other hospital?
Who is taken
into custody? What was played last evening? Where was the party held?
Exercise:Write and Speak 100 sentence of each kind in passive voice.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Conditional
clause
Use:It
is used when one action takes place only when other one is fulfilled.
There are
two kind of conditional sentences. Open condition and imaginary condition.
Open
condition: It is based on truth and can be done.
Imaginary:
It is based on imagine only.
Formula:If clause in present simple or future simple, Main clause in present
simple or future simple for open condition.
If clause is
in past simple, main clause in past perfect or modals + have—V3 for imaginary
condition.
Example:If you come to home, you will take part in ceremony. If he works hard, he
will get 90 percent. If I were a bird, I would have flown in the sky. If he had
money, he could have bought the doll.
Exercise: Write and Speak 100 sentence of each kind in conditional sentences.
Practice:Word to sentence game with class mates.
Direct and indirect
speech
We
may report the words of a speaker in two ways.
1.
We may quote his actual words. This is called
Direct Speech.
2.
We may report what he said without quoting his
exact words. This is called Indirect or Reported Speech.
Rule for changing Direct speech to indirect speech with affirmative
sentences:
·
A simple present becomes a simple past.
·
A present continuous becomes a past continuous.
·
A present perfect becomes a past perfect.
·
The sentence of universal truth does not take changes
in tense.
·
The pronouns of the sentences take change where
necessary.
·
Words expressing nearness in time and place are
changed to distance.
Rule for changing Direct speech to Indirect speech withQuestionsentences
·
In reporting questions the indirect speech is
introduced by some such verbs as asked, inquired etc.
·
When the question is not introduced by an
interrogative word, the reporting verb is followed by whether or if.
Rule for changing Direct speech to Indirect speech with commands
and requests.
·
The indirect speech is introduced by some verb
expressing command or request. And the imperative mood is changed into the
infinitive.
Rule for changing Direct speech to Indirect speech with exclamatory
sentences
·
In reporting exclamations and wishes the indirect
speech is introduced by some expressing exclamation or wish.
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
|
He said, ‘I am unwell’. |
he said that he was unwell. |
|
He said, ‘my master is writing letter’. |
He said that his master was writing letter. |
|
He said, ‘I have passed the exam’. |
He said that he had passed the exam. |
|
‘I know her address,’ said Gopi. |
Gopi said he knows her address. |
|
He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you’. |
He said he didn’t believe me. |
|
He said, ‘I am glad to be here this evening’. |
He said that he was glad to be there this evening. |
|
He said to me, ‘what are you doing?’ |
He asked me what I was doing. |
|
He said, ‘will you listen to such a man?’ |
He asked them whether they would listen to such a man. |
|
Rama said to Arjun, ‘Go away’. |
Rama ordered Arjun to go away. |
|
He said, ‘Bravo! You have done well’. |
He applauded him, saying that he had done well. |
Agreement of
the verb with the subject
·
Two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by and
require a plural verb. But if the nouns suggest one idea to the mind or refer
to the same person or thing, the verb is singular.
·
Singular subject takes singular verb while plural
subject takes plural verb.
·
Words joined to a singular subject by with, as well as
etc. take singular verb.
·
When the subject joined by or / nor are of different
persons, the verb agrees with the nearer.
·
Either, neither, each, everyone, many must be followed
by a singular verb.
·
Some nouns which are plural in form, but singular in
meaning take a singular verb.
·
Some nouns which are singular in form, but plural in
meaning take a plural verb.
·
‘None’ commonly takes plural verb.
·
A collective noun takes a singular verb when the
collection is thought of as one whole; plural verb when the individuals of
which it is composed are thought of.
·
When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or
amount considered as a whole, the verb is generally singular.
Examples:
1.
Gold and silver are precious metals
2.
Time and tide waits for none.
3.
The house, with its contents, was insured.
4.
Neither food nor water was to be found there.
5.
Either he or I am mistaken.
6.
He asked me whether either of the applicants was
suitable.
7.
The news is true.
8.
Twelve dozen cost one hundred rupees.
9.
The committee has issued its report.
10. The
committee has appended a note to its report.
Question Tag
It is a common practice in conversation to make a statement
and ask for confirmation; as, it is very hot, isn’t it? The later part “isn’t
it?” is called a question tag. The pattern is (auxiliary+n’t+subject?),
if the statement is positive, (auxiliary+subject?), if the statement is
negative.
Example:
It’s raining, isn’t it?
She can swim well, can’t she?
You aren’t busy, are you?
They haven’t come yet, have they?
Short
answers
The following is the most usual form of short answer to
verbal questions.
Are you going to school? Yes, I am or no I am not.
Can you drive a car? Yes, I can or no, I can’t.
Does Venu work hard? Yes, he does. Or No, he doesn’t.
Did he say anything? Yes, he did. Or No, he didn’t.
The
infinitives
The infinitive is the base of a verb, often preceded by to.
But after certain verb like Bid, let, make, need, dare, see and here to is not
used.
Example:
To find fault is easy.
I do not mean to read.
Her greatest pleasure is to sing.
We eat to live.
This is not the time to play.
Let him go.
Make him stand.
You need not to go.
I saw him do it.
Participle
A participle is that form of the verb which partakes of the
nature both of a verb and of an adjective. A participle is a word which is
partly a verb and partly an adjective. There are two types of participle, such
as present participle which express continuity of work and past participle
which express completeness of work. These words are made of verb+ing pattern as
present participle or verb+en/ed pattern as in past participle.
Example:
The child, thinking all was safe, attempted to cross the
road.
Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.
Gerund
A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in –ing, and has
the force of a noun and a verb. So it is called a verbal noun.
Example:
I like reading books.
Playing cards is not allowed here.
Flying birds looks very beautiful.
Causative
verb
These are the verbs that show the reason that something
happened. They do not indicate something the subject did for themselves, but
something the subject got someone or something else to do for them. The
causative verbs are let (allow, permit), make (force, require), have, get and
help.
Example:
My mom allows me to borrow the car.
I let my little sister watch TV in my room.
My teacher permits students to stay late for tutoring.
My doctor made me come back for a follow up visit before
giving me refills of my prescription.
He makes me laugh very often.
My religious beliefs force me to attend services twice a
week.
I got the waitress to bring us some menus.
I am getting my sister to send me a picture of her new house.
Linda got his house cleaned before the party.
I will have my secretary send you the forms.
The police had his assistant arrest the thief.
Let the dog sit on the seat.
Idioms and
Phrases
At back and call: He
is at his wife’s beck and call.
Enough and to spare:
The land lord has money enough to spare.
Far and away: A prince
from far and away city came to marry the princess.
Fits and starts: You
will fail if you work by fits and starts.
Hard and fast: There
is no hard and fast way to success.
Hart and soul: My
friend helped me heart and soul.
Hue and cry: What was
that hue and cry?
By leaps and bounds:
Our country is developing by leaps and bounds.
Null and void: The
court has decided that rule null and void.
Over head and ears: He
is in debt over head and ears.
Stuff and nonsense:
What stuff and nonsense you are talking!
Tooth and nail: They
are fighting tooth and nail.
Well and good: You
made a sacrifice for the nation, that’s well and good.
Again and again: You
need not go to him again and again.
One by one: Come one
by one and take your prizes.
Out and out: I didn’t
know that he was out and out a cheat.
Through and through:
He is an honest man through and through.
Bag and baggage: Sohan
had to leave the place bag and baggage.
Part and parcel: The
army is part and parcel of a nation.
Safe and sound: She
reached home safe and sound.
Spick and span: Dinesh
is liked by all for his spick and span habits.
Then and there: He was
picking my pocket but my friend caught him then and there.
Fair and square: One
should be fair and square in one’s dealings.
By hook or by crook:
One should not aim at gaining things by hook or by crook.
Now and never: The
opposition should unite now or never.
Sooner or later:
Sooner or later he will agree with me.
Fast and loose: Don’t
trust him, he plays fast and loose.
Ins and outs: I know
the ins and outs of the matter.
Off and on: He comes
to the club off and on.
Ups and downs: I have
seen many ups and downs in life.
All’s well that ends
well.
Better late than
never.
A friend in need is a
friend indeed.
Handsome is he who
handsome does.
All that glitters is
not gold.
As you sow, so you
reap.
Empty vessel makes
much noise.
A bird in is worth two
in bush.
Health is wealth.
Honesty is the best
policy.
It takes two to
quarrel.
To cry over spilt
milk.
Slow and steady wins
the race.
To nip in the bud: One
should nip bad habits in the bud.
From hand to mouth: He
is living hand to mouth.
To end in smoke: All
his work ended in smoke.
In full swing: The
fair is in full swing.
Account for: The
police official is to account for his lapses.
Answer back: Don’t
answer back to you parents.
Believe in: I don’t
believe in that sort of thing.
Break down: Our car
broke down on its way to Calcutta.
Break into: The thief
broke into the shop.
Break up: The family
broke up due to quarrel.
Bring out: When will
the publisher bring out your new book?
Bring up: The matter
was brought up in last meeting.
Break out: Cholera has
been broken out in our village.
Call at: I called at
Mr. Ghosh yesterday.
Call for: The officer
was called for an explanation.
Call on: I will call
on my neighbour tomorrow.
Care about: I don’t
care about his opinion.
Carry out: I will
carry out your instruction.
Carry on: I can carry
on the business without your help.
Clean up: The servant
cleaned the room up after party.
Close down: The
factory was closed down last year.
Come across: I came
across an old friend on my way to station.
Come from: He comes
from China.
Came in: My friend
came in my house.
Come out: At last the
truth has come out.
Cut down: We must cut
down our expenditure.
Fill in/ up: Fill in
or up the form.
Find out: In the end I
found out my mistake.
Get on: We got on the
train at Bhubaneswar.
Get off: I got off the
train at Berhampur.
Got over: Have you got
over cold?
Get up: I got up at 7
o’ clock.
Give up: He must give
up smoking.
Go back: I can’t go
back on my word.
Go on: How long the
rains go on?
Grow up: I will be a
doctor when I grow up.
Here from: Have you
heard from your sister?
Keep off: Keep the
flies off the food.
Keep up: We should
keep up the glory of our motherland.
Laugh at: Don’t laugh
at a lame man.
Live on: He lives on
fish and potatoes.
Look after: The
gardener looks after the garden.
Look for: What are you
looking for?
Make out: You must
make out what I say.
Make up: The group was
made up of doctors and advocates.
Pack up: It is time to
pack up and go home.
Pick up: Can I pick
you up to the station?
Point out: Point out
Delhi on the map.
Put down: I say put
down your gun.
Put on: Put on the new
clothes.
Put off: The examination
was put off due to election.
Put out: The villagers
put the fire out.
Set in: The winter
sets in December.
Set out: I set out in
search of information.
Set up: When was the
organization set up?
Settle down: He
settled down in America.
Show off: Don’t show
off your property.
Sort out: Sort out the
files.
Stand by: Stand by
your promise in all circumstance.
Take over: The new
headmaster took over charges.
Take off: Take off
your shoes.
Turn down: He turned
down my request.
Turn off: Please turn
off the lights.
Turn on: Please turn
on the tab.
Work out: Can you work
the sum out?
No comments:
Post a Comment